Essay --

1. Introduction 1.1 Definition High speed machining (HSM) enables an increase in efficiency, accuracy, productivity and quality of work-pieces as well as a reduction in costs and completion time compared to conventional machining. [1, 2] HSM can trace back to early twenties of 20th century. However, the definitions of HSM are varied and complicated. The first definition is proposed by Carl Salomon in 1931. Salomon’s theory is that the chip-to-tool temperature will begin to decrease at a certain cutting speed which is 5 to10 times higher than conventional machining speed as shown in Figure 1. [1, 3] Figure 1 Salomon's theory Nowadays, one popular definition of HSM is based on the DN ratio, which means the bearing bore diameter (mm) multiplied by the maximum spindle speed (rev/min). For high-speed machining, the typical DN ratio is between 500,000 and 1,000,000. Moreover, HSM generally refers to end milling at high rotational speeds or surface speeds as shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 High Speed Machining HSM means utilizing cutting speed significantly higher than conventional machining speed. Generally, a specific range is used to quantitatively define machining speeds, which is shown as follows. [4] †¢ High speed machining : 600-1,800 m/min, †¢ Very high speed machining: 1,800-18,000 m/min, †¢ Ultra high speed machining : >18,000 m/min. The range of high speed milling is shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 Range of high speed milling There is a comparison between conventional machining and high speed machining shown in the table. Parameters Conventional HSM The tool/workpiece contact time Long Short Accuracy Low High Cutting force High Low Surface finish Low High Material removal rate Low High Cutting fluid Need No need normall... ...lusion Machining processes are fundamental and essential steps in manufacturing engineering. HSM as a modern technology can bring about a dramatic increase in efficiency, accuracy, productivity and quality of work-pieces as well as a reduction in costs and completion time. However, there are some disadvantages of HSM, which require to be overcome to realize scientific and economic benefits in a better way. Therefore, the potential improvement is proposed, such as the multi-purpose coatings as well as the combination with AR to become smart HSM. Additionally, it is of vital importance to hold and balance the tool properly to ensure the best performance. With the potential development in the future, HSM can find more applications in manufacturing engineering, and generate more perfect products in a more safe and effective method and finally contribute to the society.

Environmental Crisis and Global Warming Essay

The world and mankind are facing different critical issues and problems which we inevitably have to deal with. These concerns have great impact to our lives. Everyday people have to remind themselves of these various perils to their existence. The media together with different organizations help us to become more aware of the problems currently on our midst. People may not find it an alarming and serious issue since the danger at the present time is negligible but sooner or later we will come to realize that we really are into serious danger. Global issues are global concerns. It is felt around the world not just on a particular location. It is a world wide issue that needs to be address. There are many types and forms of current global issues that the world has to face. There is the economic crisis felt all over the world. Various health issues that came out as more people get vulnerable to cancer and other forms of illnesses. There is terrorism which is a crisis in peace and order and security. There is also issue on moral degradation of the society. Lastly is the global warming or global climatic change. Even though some believe global warming to be a hoax, severe weather repercussions and environmental crisis prove the opposite. This global warming is an alarming environmental problem on a global scale. Some people still have doubts if the global warming issue is real or is just an imaginary anxiety fabricated by scientist who has predicted it as a serious problem in the near future. There was hundreds of information released about the onset of global warming. Many people have made research and studies to investigate these phenomena. Documentaries are produce to open the minds and inform the public regarding the new findings regarding the problem. A personal observation on our environment and a closer study will help one to discover and learn more about the development regarding the current issue on global warming. Big Picture of the Environmental Crisis Global warming, what does it really mean? What causes global warming? What factors contribute to this problem? And what are the effects of global warming? All of these are the questions frequently asked regarding this global environmental issue. Global warming is commonly known as the warming of the planet cause by the greenhouse gases that trapped the heat. Global warming is also known as global climatic change or global climatic disruption. Global warming resulted from the increase in heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere that causes the amplified hydrological cycle resulting in increased precipitation and flooding in some regions and more severe aridity in other areas. (Woods Hole Research Center, 2008) The phrase â€Å"climatic change† is preferred recently to be use than global warming because it helps convey that there are other changes aside from rising temperatures. Global warming involves the average increase in temperature of the atmosphere near the earth’s surface and in the troposphere, which can contribute in global climate patterns. Global warming and climatic change can be caused by a variety of factors, both natural and human-induced. (Environmental Protection Agency, 2008) Ozone layer depletion is oftentimes confused with global warming. Climate change and ozone depletion are different from one another but interrelated issues. Ozone depletion is not the principal cause of climate change and climate change is not the principal cause of ozone depletion. However, ozone depleting gases- such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and halons are greenhouse gases that do contribute to climate change. Ozone itself is a greenhouse gas that has effect on climate. In addition, certain changes in earth’s climate could affect the future condition of the ozone layer. For example, low temperature and strong polar winds both affect the extent and severity of winter polar ozone depletion. (EPA, 2008) The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon that helps regulate the earth’s temperature. Greenhouse gases (e. g. , carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons) act like insulating blanket, trapping solar energy that would otherwise escape into space. Without this natural greenhouse effect temperatures would be about 60oF lower than they are now and life as we all know it today would not be possible. However human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forest and industrialization have enhance the natural greenhouse effect, causing the earth’s average temperature to rise. (EPA, 2008) The greenhouse effect was first describes in theoretical terms by a Swedish researcher, Svante Arrhenius, in the late 1800s. However it wasn’t until the following century that Arrhenius’ theory was observed. In the 1930s, scientist realized that parts of the globe had warmed during the previous half-century. Then in early 1960s scientist discovered that the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was rising. Researchers began to take interest and found a strong relationship in between the increasing carbon dioxide and average global temperature. (EPA, 2008) Human-induced global climatic change is under way. The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) concluded that global mean surface air temperature has increased between about 0. 5 and 1. 1 degrees Fahrenheit in the last 100 years and anticipates a further continuing rise of 1. 8 to 6. 3 degrees Fahrenheit during the next century. Sea-level has risen on average 4-10 inches during the past 100 years and is expected to rise another 6 inches to 3 feet by 2100. (WHRC, 2008) Charts and graphs showed alarming trends. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has increase steadily over the past few years. The increase in the temperature is observed as well as the increase of the sea level. More disturbances in climate patterns have been greater in the previous years. These are environmental changes brought by this problem on global warming. Being Environmentally Conscious What are the ways to be conscious and aware of our impact on earth? People have to find ways or alternative energy resources. In the US for example the energy related activities account for over three quarters of human generated greenhouse emission, mostly in the form of carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels. Enhanced energy efficiency is found to be one of the cheapest, most effective and safest ways to reduce global warming. Buildings should practice energy efficiency. Cutting the fuel cost on the road by effective gas mileage will also help. Making home appliances more energy efficient will significantly lessen energy consumption. (wecansolveit. org, 2008) Adoption of renewable resources will help break the addiction to fossil fuels like coal and oil by switching to renewable energy. These include wind power, solar thermal, solar photovoltaics and geothermal power. (wecansolveit. org, 2008) Campaigns like â€Å"Zero Waste for Zero Warming† should also be supported. Landfills were found to be the largest source of methane (CH4) in the US, a global warming gas 23 times more powerful than CO2. Toxic dumps, landfills and incinerators must not be tolerated. People should learn to recycle and avoid littering. We can also use cloth bags as shopping bags to minimize waste. We need to promote green homes and businesses therefore taking monitor of our own carbon footprint. (Global Day Action, 2007) The Outcome If We Don’t Change Things: Who and What Will Be Affected? Severe weather changes will be the outcome if global warming will not be resolve early. These includes climatic change that will contribute to more destructive hurricanes and floods like Katrina, Gustav and Ike that cost millions of damages to property and life. Severe droughts will be experience in other parts of the world, deadly heat waves, wildfires and ocean temperatures rising. It will also affect the precipitation by increasing about 5 percent in atmospheric water vapor over the oceans increasing the risk of heavy rain and snow events. Scientist also predicted that the global average sea level will rise by 7 to 24 inches by 2100 due to thermal expansion alone. Arctic’s average temperature increases are nearly twice that of the rest of the world. The arctic sea ice could virtually disappear during the summer of 2020. Melting of permafrost will continue. This permafrost is ice that has permanently frozen into the ground. The permafrost traps methane and when the melting continues it will release more of it into the atmosphere. Melting due to climate change is expected to reduce the size and extent of the polar ice caps, even taking to account the potential of more snow and ice accumulation atop the ice sheets due to increased precipitation. Temperature changes in the Arctic Circle also cause polar bears to die. Also temperatures below oceans caused destruction of coral reefs. Ecosystems will also be affected because of floods and drought could lead to the risk of extinction for some animals and plant species. Agriculture and farming will also be affected due to weather extremes. Human health will also be greatly affected which will result in increases cases of malaria and dengue outbreak. Heat-related illness and cold related illness will increase. (EPA, 2008). Sandra Steingraber the author of Living Downstream also mentioned that the increase in cancer cases is attributed to environmental influences. The US Climate Policy The United States Federal Government has established a comprehensive policy to address climate change. This policy has three basic objectives namely: slowing the growth of emissions, strengthening science, technology and institutions and enhancing international cooperation. The federal government is implementing this policy through voluntary and incentive based programs and has established major government-wide programs to advance climate technologies and improve climate science. (EPA, 2008) Some of these policies include the national goal to reduce emissions intensity, current and near tem greenhouse gas reduction initiatives, climate change technology program, climate change science program and international cooperation like the IPCC and the Asia Pacific Partnership on Ocean Development and Climate. Action on global warming by cities and local government includes building codes, zoning, transportation systems and electricity production campaigns. These include local regulation requiring newly constructed homes to be more energy efficient, a city or local subsidy to encourage homeowners to install electricity generating solar panels, local regulations requiring electric utilities to produce at least 20% of their electricity from wind, solar, or other renewable energy sources. , changing the city’s or town’s zoning rules to require neighborhoods have a mix of housing, offices, industry, schools and stores close together to encourage walking and decrease the need for using cars among other regulations or local climate change policies. (American Support for Local Action on Global Warming) Conclusion Global warming is a real problem of our times. Some are skeptics and believe it is just a kind of â€Å"hysteria† by some scientists. Even if Al Gore emphasized global warming in his documentary film â€Å"The Inconvenient Truth† many still have doubts if it is real. Nature or what we call â€Å"mother earth† like humans need to be taken care of. It is our responsibility to manage our earth’s natural resources and to preserve our planet making it a livable place. If people will continue to abuse the environment and become careless in throwing toxic waste and emitting toxic gases our planet will eventually come to destruction someday. The predictions may not be far from real for us at the moment but it doesn’t mean we should neglect our responsibility in protecting our environment. There is still time for people to reduce the outcome of this event. People should start thinking seriously on how they can contribute in solving and altering the increasing scenario of global warming. Reference â€Å"American Support for Local Action on Global Warming† (2008) Yale School of Forestry And Environmental Studies. Retrieved September 29, 2008 from http://environment. yale. edu â€Å"Citizens’ Groups Reject Dirty Waste Technologies, Call For â€Å"Zero Waste for Zero Warming† (2007) Global Day Action Against Waste and Incineration. Retrieved September 29, 2008 from http://gda. no-burn. org â€Å"Enhance Energy Efficiency† (2008) Solutions-wecansolveit. org. Retrieved September 29, 2008 from http://www. wecansolveit. org â€Å"Frequent Questions† (2008). Climate Change. Retrieved September 29, 2008 from http://www. epa. gov â€Å"Global Climatic Disruption- Scientists’ Statement† (1997) Wood Hole Research Center. Retrieved September 29, 2008 from http://www. whrc. org â€Å"U. S. Climate Policy and Actions† (2008) Climate Change-U. S. Policy. Retrieved September 29, 2008 from http://www. epa. gov

Future of Fire/EMS Service in the United States Essay

In addition to being managed at the most central level by the federal government, United States’ Emergency Medical Service (EMS) usually offer heightened medical care to out-patients as well as providing transport to perfect care to the needy. The federal government is mandated with the task of setting the lowest standards that must be adhered to by the emergency service providers of all states. Additionally, these state governments are responsible for ensuring that they strictly regulate the standards of emergency medical services that they administer. The emergency medical service differs from one state to the other because of the broad differences of states. Current State of Fire/EMS Service: The Fire-based EMS systems in the United States are well positioned to offer pre-hospital EMS service that includes timely decisive response as well as efficient patient care. In addition to offering affordable operations, the Fire/EMS service systems basically lay emphasis on the safety of the responder and experienced and compassionate workers. The United States fire service department is responsible for provision of critical public safety functions which foster prosperity, community health and security. In most cases, the public safety functions provided by the fire service department is usually known as the pre-hospital 9-1-1 emergency response (â€Å"Statement of Principles† par, 1). For policy makers, understanding the importance of need of emergency medical service is very essential. Currently, the pre-hospital 9-1-1 emergency medical response (or the Fire/EMS service) is provided by the country’s paramedics and emergency medical technicians (EMT’s). This is due to the knowledge, preparation and the equipments that these paramedics and EMTs use in responding to fire emergency. Additionally, paramedics and emergency service technicians are involved in providing emergency medical response because of their ability to concurrently protect a scene, lessen the hazard, treat and transport injured patients to a proper medical facility. Consequently, an important aspect of these services is time efficiency making the fire emergency service to be the system with capable and speedy multi-faceted response. One of the key emergency response systems that should be considered by the local, state and federal governments in their plans for emergency response to hazards is the fire emergency service system. It’s important for policy makers to identify that the perfect model of pre-hospital 9-1-1 emergency response organization is the U. S fire service department. As a result of a report released by the National Commission on Fire Prevention and Control in early 1970’s, the congress established an entity within the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) known as the United States Fire Administration (USFA). The report highlighted United States’ fire problem and the need for effective fire response services. One of the major missions of the USFA was to help in the reduction of catastrophic losses while fostering the proficient development of the fire emergency response system. In addition to this, the USFA is responsible for provision of national leadership that promotes a concrete foundation for prevention, vigilance and response of the stakeholders in the fire service department (â€Å"Fiscal Year 2009 Report†, 2). Furthermore, this entity is mandated with the task of working towards for a fire safe America given that the country’s fire death rate one of the highest compared to other developed countries. Though there have been some improvements in America’s fire losses in the last twenty years, it is estimated that fire outbreaks result in about 3,700 deaths while leaving over 20,000 people injured annually. Additionally, fire leads to direct property losses that amount to an approximate of $11 billion each year with close to 100 firefighters losing their lives while in rescue missions. One of the greatest achievements of the United States Fire Administration agency is that it has been able to lessen America’s fire deaths by more than half as compared to the early 1970’s. This has just highlighted the fact that fire deaths and property losses are preventable to a greater extent through ongoing collection of data, research, training and public education. The United States fire departments act in response to an average of four thousand five hundred fire calls a day. In addition to the dramatic changes in the fire service in the last twenty years, various fire departments have initiated integrating services in order to provide better services to the public. The integration of emergency medical services in the fire service departments is primarily because of the need to well-organized with public funds while sustaining the high level of efficiency. For many of the leaders in these departments, being productive while providing the needed services is one of the main goals (West par, 1). The need to be effective and productive has resulted in many fire service departments to incorporate a medical first responder program. This program has enabled the fire departments to achieve half of their mission since saving lives and protecting property is a fundamental objective of the fire departments. Moreover, some fire service departments have expanded into specialized services such as vehicle rescue, technical extrication, perilous materials response and swift water rescue among other services. The medical first responder program is not only the most needed service in every community but it is also the cheapest EMS program to implement. However, some fire departments have been very reluctant and slow in making the transition to incorporate the medical first responder program in their services. This is partly because of their size and type that makes it harder for them to offer some new level of service. The other reasons for the slow speed in implementation of the program is the challenges that these departments encounter in providing and sustaining the existing levels of service as well as the contentment of firefighters in providing current services and response to fire-related calls only. Future of Fire/EMS Service: Given that the world is experiencing technological changes time after time, the Fire/EMS service has also continued to experience major changes since the National Commission on Fire Prevention and Control released a report in early 1970’s. These changes have significantly brought changes in the fire service departments while helping America to tackle fire-related emergencies. The future of Fire/EMS service in the United States is also expected to experience significant changes in the next twenty years. The most immediate changes in the career of Fire/EMS service will be as a result of the five year strategic plan developed by the United States Fire Administration agency. The focal point and emphasis of this strategic plan is on several performance goals such as lessening the fire-related risks at the local level, developing the planning and preparedness at local level, developing the capabilities of fire and emergency service and improving the professional status of emergency services. These performance goals are expected to have significant changes in the career and field of Fire/EMS service. As compared to today, the fire service department in the United States will also change significantly because of the continual review and revision of USFA strategic plans. For individuals who aspire or are currently working in this field, there is a great for them to keep up with the changes that are being implemented by the USFA. As part of its strategic plan, the United States Fire Administration agency has developed new measures that will result in improvement of training and research methods, awareness initiatives, collection of data and technological development among others. Consequently, these professionals in this field need to be prepared in order to meet the ever-improving requirements and expectations. The future of the Fire/EMS service in the United States will most likely include the following changes: Academic Requirements: This is one of the major areas that will continue changing in this field and will have a major impact in the service delivery by professionals. In the next 10-20 years, professional in the fire service department will have to meet tougher academic requirements prior to working in this filed. This is because of the plan by USFA to ensure that the National Fire Academy revises, develops and increases its curricula in the coming years in order to meet the new requirements of the Department of Homeland Security. The National Fire Academy (NFA) whose mission is foster professional development of fire-related emergency services will be required to modify its courses within each curriculum year (â€Å"Strategic Plan Fiscal Years 2010-2014†, 7). As NFA modifies its courses within each curriculum year, there will also be a proportional change in academic requirements of professionals in this field. In the coming years, the new curricula will not only incorporate a state-of-the-art and ideal training models but will also have a training model that is appropriate for distribution and use at both the local and state fire training organizations. Additionally, it is expected that the Fire/EMS service will increase and sustain the provision of technological-based preparation programs in the coming years. For instance, web-based curriculum and replication exercise systems with multi-media, computer-based and interactive settings will be part of the training programs. However, alternative traditional means and service delivery methods will be part of the training courses, conferences, seminars, administrative forums and workshops. Furthermore, institutions of higher learning are also expected to continue having the emergency medical service agencies that are entirely staffed by student volunteers. Fire Service Programs: The other significant area that will determine and change the future of Fire/EMS service is the delivery of not only fire-related programs but the provision of other emergency response services. With the integration of emergency medical service and fire service, professional will be expected to continue offering response to fire-related calls as well as response to other emergency calls. Even though some workers are presently reluctant in responding to other emergency service calls, this is more likely to change in the coming years as all the fire service agencies will be required to offer higher levels of service than the existing ones. The other prediction of the future of Fire/EMS service field is the expectation that fire prevention and protection recognition technology will be included in the trainings of city planners, architects, builders and professionals in the building construction industry. This is due to the fact that the United States Fire Administration agency will encourage these trainings and practices are included in the mentioned fields. By the achievement of this in the next few years, fire prevention services will not only be offered by professionals in this field but architects, constructors and city planners will also provide the services. This will revolutionize fire service programs given that the field will have an increased number of participating personnel. Additionally, prevention and protection mechanisms will use new methods of data and information analysis and improved response to all hazards. Conclusion: As the world continues to experience the ongoing technological developments, the future of Fire/EMS service is also expected to change significantly. This is because of the ongoing inclusion of technological-based methods in fire prevention and protection services. The development will help in the further reduction of America’s fire deaths and property loss as compared to the current rate. Professionals in this field need to be properly equipped with the current as well as future mechanisms of service delivery in order to achieve this objective. Finally, they also need to be prepared to offer response to other emergency service calls. Works Cited: â€Å"Statement of Principles. † Fire Service-Based EMS Advocates. FireCompanies. com & Fire Service Based EMS Advocates. Web. 22 Aug. 2010. . United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency. U. S Department of Homeland Security. America’s Fire and Emergency Services Leader Strategic Plan Fiscal Years 2010 – 2014. United States Fire Administration. Web. 22 Aug. 2010. . United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency. U. S Department of Homeland Security. Fiscal Year 2009 Report to Congress. United States Fire Administration, Mar. 2010. Web. 22 Aug. 2010. . West, Gary L. â€Å"Integrating Emergency Medical Services in the Fire Department Fire/EMS First Responders: It’s Just a Matter of Time. † The University of Tennessee. The University of Tennessee, 5 Jan. 2007. Web. 22 Aug. 2010. .

How to Write Finance Essay A Guide for You

How to Write Finance Essay A Guide for You Looking for expert advice on how to write a finance essay? Modern students are under a high pressure to get top grades for their coursework. Everybody knows that finance is a complex subject that requires high analytical and critical thinking skills to cope with numerous written coursework assignments. Still, writing a high-scoring finance essay doesn’t need to be complicated. Keep reading to learn some simple techniques for writing finance essays that will get you better grades. Besides, we will provide you with winning finance essay topics for your inspiration. Let’s get started. What Is Finance Essay? Like any essay, finance essay is a written response to a certain question or problem. Your task is to organize relevant information to support a structured argument as well as to communicate your argument clearly and concisely. Finance essays are common assignments for students studying finance. Their goal is to demonstrate that you can think critically about the material at hand. It may involve analyzing business statistics, tax issues, payroll issues, and accounting practices. If you want to get a high grade, you need to show not just recall and understanding. You have to demonstrate that you are able to analyze and synthesize ideas from various sources and then, critically evaluate them. For example, when writing an essay in finance, you can examine the relationship between government regulations and complex formulas and focus on facts to determine future outcomes. Finance essays typically don’t have a formal structure like, for example, reports but there are paragraphs an introduction, the main body, and a conclusion. A typical finance essay analyses, explains, discusses, gives an interpretation, and evaluates a certain topic. Some characteristics of a good finance essay include: a fresh original approach; a clear logical structure; not just a mere description but in-depth analyses; illustration of the points with up-to-date examples; based on extensive reading and research; a clear introduction and a conclusion; carefully constructed sentences; flawless spelling, grammar, and punctuation. How to Choose Good Finance Essay Topics Typically, instructors provide students with a list of possible essay topics but often they give students the opportunity to choose a topic for their finance essay on their own. Choosing a good essay topic is very important for the success of your finance essay but sometimes, it may be challenging. Here are some tips on how to choose a great topic that will help you achieve success in writing. Select a topic you are interested in. You will enjoy working on your project and your readers will appreciate your enthusiasm and passion that you will demonstrate in writing. Select a topic that is familiar to you in some way or another. It will be easier to do a research and brainstorm interesting ideas and the entire writing process will be faster. Narrow a broad topic to a manageable size. Most topics are too broad to write about. For example, if you would like to write about the real estate market, you will not be able to stay focused and write something interesting if your essay is limited to 3-4 pages. You should limit your topic to the analysis of some aspects of the real estate market in a particular country. Do research. If you have a vague idea of what you would like to write about, do some research online. At this stage, you can use some sources with more general information, for example, different encyclopedias or Wikipedia. You can also search for ideas in authoritative newspapers, magazines or analytical resources. If finance is a new subject for you and you are at a loss what subject to pick for creating your paper, have a look at our short list of powerful finance essay topics and feel free to use them for writing your own essays. How Do Economic Growth and Financial Development Are Connected? Major Causes of the Global Financial Crisis in 2007-2010; Key Challenges of the Banking System of The USA; Advantages and Disadvantages of Financial Innovation; World Experience in Reducing Poverty; Determinants of Financial Development; Determinants of Capital Structure in the Stock Sector; Stock Market Returns and the Inflation Rate; How Do Interest Rate Changes Affect the Profitability of Banks? Decision Making and Risk Assessment in Business. Start Researching: Fresh Ideas from Our Writers If your instructor has given you a topic, you should analyze your task for keywords (such as compare, analyze, describe, criticize etc.) that determine the issue or the topic. Break down your assignment into several questions. This will help you make an informed choice of sources that are required to complete your assignment in finance. Now it’s time to look for solid sources of information related to the topic you have chosen. You may look through your textbooks or your class notes and try to find sources in the library. You can find a lot of up-to-date financial information in financial newspapers and journals. Start reading your sources to get an overall picture of your topic. When you read your sources, you need to keep your assignment in mind, take notes, and write some useful information that you can use for making quotations. Make sure you write down all the necessary information about the source title, its author, and the number of the page. In this way, you will work more productively when making references and creating your bibliography page. When you have finished a broad reading, you are ready to define your own perspective on your assignment question. Now it’s time to focus on more detailed texts and outline your possible line of argument. You should search for sources that provide details about the points you have determined as a part of an overall picture. You may use reading lists you have found in relevant articles in journals, library databases, and catalogs. At the end of your reading sources, you have to commit to a certain position that will help you make your writing coherent and logical. Write an Outline for Your Finance Essay Writing an essay is a time-consuming process that requires attention and careful planning. You should organize your argument and supporting evidence and determine connections between your key points. A good idea is to make an outline of your finance essay before you actually start writing it. Still, some students prefer to work without a detailed outline and just make a list of headings and sub-headings to stay focused, organized, and logical. You can make a plan for your finance essay in any format. The main thing is that you need to make this plan before you start working on your project. In this way, you’ll have an overview of what your finance assignment will cover. Your outline will guide your writing and ensure that you will cover everything. Create the First Draft You may start working on your finance essay with an introduction, although many people consider that this approach is too complex for them and they prefer to start their essay by completing body paragraphs. They write the introduction and the conclusion when they have already finished writing the main body. Introduction When writing the introduction which is the most difficult aspect of writing an essay in finance, you need to present the thesis statement that will guide your writing. You should make your thesis statement concise but it needs to incorporate all the major points of your essay. Your introduction should include your interpretation of a research question and a brief outline of your finance essay structure. You can mention some points you will argue in your finance essay. You can use this generic structure for your finance essay introduction: start with a general point about the main issue; demonstrate that you have a good understanding of your task; present your plan to organize the essay structure; make a transition to the first point. Main Body The body of your finance essay has to fulfill the promises that you have made in the introduction and it has to back your conclusions. Your body paragraphs should include your argument. You have to begin each paragraph with a topic sentence that will present one of your key points you want to argue in this particular paragraph. You need to support your key points by relevant evidence. The topic sentence actually expresses the main idea of the paragraph which you have to develop through analysis, discussion, and criticism. You have to provide examples that support or illustrate your point. At the end of your paragraph, you’ll need to include transitions that will ensure the logical flow of your essay in finance. Conclusion In your conclusion which is typically one paragraph consisting of 5 to 6 lines, you need to tell once more what your essay has achieved. You can do it by returning directly to the research question. You can use one sentence to sum up every paragraph in the body of your essay on finance. You have to refer back your research question and give an answer to it. You don’t have to include any new information but you have to logically sum up everything that you discussed or analyzed in your paper. After your conclusion is finished, you need to make a bibliography page and include all the sources you used for in-text referencing in the reference list. Format all your references according to the style specified by your instructor. You can check the requirement for different styles, like MLA, APA, Chicago or Harvard online. Revise Your Draft and Do the Editing When you have written your first draft, you have to put it aside for some time. After a day or two, read the entire essay aloud to get a fresh idea of its content and logic. No one can create a perfect draft at once. Even experienced writers often have to write several drafts or make improvements while revising the first draft. Be ready that you may need to change sections or make some improvements to make your finance essay clear and concise. Editing is a crucial stage in the finance essay writing process because by doing it, you can see how logical and well-expressed your argument is. At this stage, you mainly have to check logic, coherence, and some grammar aspects. While editing, you can have to take care of the following aspects: the logical structure of your finance essay and the balance of your thesis statement; focus on your research question or plan; linking of your essay’s content; use of appropriate headings; clarity of explanation; use of active and passive voice; length of your sentences. Proofreading This is the final stage of the writing process and you have to do it thoroughly and systematically. You should be very attentive in order not to miss some important details that you may need to change. Here are some tips on how you can do it right. Don’t try to identify everything at once. You’d better focus on some specific issues one after another. Be ready that you may need to reread your finance essay several times. Make a list of your typical errors from your previous writings and use them as a basis for your proofreading strategy. Common problems in writing include: spelling mistakes duplication of words faulty abbreviations inappropriate tenses missing apostrophes mixing singular and plural forms Check your in-text referencing and reference list for consistency. Make sure all references are accurate and appropriate. Now it’s time to find a second set of eyes to check your essays and find mistakes that you may have missed. You can ask your friend or parents to read your essay, fix possible mistakes, and suggest improvements. Writing finance essays can be a challenge for inexperienced students but we hope that these detailed writing tips can make the writing process easier for you and less daunting. If you practice doing research and writing essays on different financial topics, you are sure to improve your writing and analytical skills and become a confident writer who can easily cope with any challenging topic.

How to Write Essays of Any Kind

How to Write Essays of Any Kind Writing good essays is a tough task. You have to be focused. You need discipline, strategy, and flexible research abilities. If you do everything right, you’ll be happy with a result. Generally, any paper, such as a college essay, research paper, or even some kind of an office paper will be easy for you if you follow the proper strategy. Many students discovered that due to their own experience. Those who use a proper approach can easily write any paper really fast. Some methods become some popular that even teachers include them in an English curriculum to let students know the right way of writing different papers. In 2007, the Spartan System of writing was published on the internet. Since then, thousands of students have an opportunity to appreciate all the advantages of this method. The author of the Spartan System managed to write more than 70,000-word long book. The whole writing process took just two months. What Is the Secret? The author of this method was interested in Greek history, and in military tactics of the ancient Greeks, in particular. He thought that the approach that allowed generals rule a 10,000 army, moving it across the country, may help students who need to write a lot of words in a short time. This is what their strategy looked like: they brought troops together, keeping supplies in a center of a square-shaped unit. The strongest soldiers were placed at the front and back. Every time they faced any danger, these troops left their positions to just repel an attack, and then moved back immediately. This structure was impenetrable. They easily demoralized their opponents and could travel long distances even under the most difficult circumstances. Xenophon wrote that their idea was that, when the attack happens, they don’t plan defense on the go but immediately use soldiers who were specifically trained for this situation. The Spartan method of essay writing works exactly the same way: you create an introduction that determines the shape of your â€Å"army†, and then write paragraphs, creating the strong sides. Your paragraphs may act independently sometimes, but they should always follow the purpose of the entire formation. You have to maintain the square because it’s the key to success. When writing an essay, you write a text that consists of many sentences. It includes an introduction, a topic, a thesis, a mini-thesis at the beginning of each paragraph, and a conclusion that sums up everything written before and explains the general meaning of your paper. These four sentences are basic models that determine everything else. All sentences correspond to these universal models and create an undefeatable square. If you take a look at Chuck Palahniuk’s Fight Club, you will notice that every time the plot moves in a new direction, it immediately returns back to remind the main point. Now, forget boring prompts that you’ve been given. Forget all these â€Å"Commentary/Details† stuff, and let’s think about real work. Here is the example of the outline for a five-paragraph paper: Introduction Start with a catchy and broad hook. Consider it as a meta-topic of your paper. Write your thesis. Here you have to specify and develop the idea of your hook, taking into account your prompt and the subject of your paper. Write the sentence that forms the basis for the first body paragraph. Do the same thing for the second body paragraph. and repeat this step for the third body paragraph. Take a look at your hook and thesis and write a cohesive transitional sentence that will lead your readers to the first body paragraph. Some people say that the thesis must be written at the end of the introduction, but this point is quite controversial. The point of an essay is to come up with an idea and then support it. You can’t support a thought that hasn’t been written yet. The First Body Paragraph Rewrite the thesis of the first body paragraph. Support this mini-thesis with facts and analysis. Restate the mini-thesis in a context of the general thesis of the paper. When supporting a thesis with evidence, always begin with the strongest piece of evidence. Start with broad ideas, then move to more specific ones. After this, draw a conclusion. Make sure that your quotes are properly integrated into the sentence. Don’t make your quotes longer than 5-7 words. The Second Body Paragraph Rewrite the thesis of the second body paragraph. Support this mini-thesis with facts and analysis. Restate the mini-thesis in a context of the general thesis of the paper. The Third Body Paragraph Rewrite the thesis of the third body paragraph. Support this mini-thesis with facts and analysis. Restate the mini-thesis in a context of the general thesis of the paper. The Conclusion Restate the meta-theme (the hook of the introduction). Restate the general thesis statement once more. Write one sentence for the first body paragraph. Write one sentence for the second body paragraph. Write one sentence for the third body paragraph. Write a conclusion sentence based on your hook and your thesis. The last sentence of your essay must address a broad issue that is worth further consideration. It also must reflect the value of your point. That’s it. No, really. Now you can understand why such a method simplifies your task. You only need six original sentences, and then you play with them and write all the rest. You can apply this method when writing 500-word papers, as well as when working on 500-pages texts. This method allows you to write an essay that is self-supporting, self-generating and self-concluding. Follow this method and you’ll feel like a Greek general who built the square and trained troopers in advance so that they can do what they are supposed to do, while you don’t need to improvise. You follow the pre-determined boundaries, so you control the whole situation. Every sentence of your essay has its particular purpose. Now you shouldn’t worry about professors checking your essay with a prompt because you made the structure first and filled it with the content later. The middle of the square is the place where your readers are. You arrange everything around them and they can understand you clearly, being protected from doubts and misreadings. The introduction and the conclusion are where you write your strongest points. These thoughts lead your readers through the essay and push them forward. In the hook, you look in the future. In the conclusion, you look back. Everything between these two parts is just details. Your thesis statement is the backbone of the essay and it represents the whole paper, just like it’s supposed to do. Once you’ve written the thesis statement, the whole paper is almost done. After this, you won’t have any problems with filling the body part with evidence and other details. The meta-theme is directly related to the central theme, just like all the mini-themes. The interesting thing about this method is that you follow the pre-defined rigid structure that gives you the real freedom. Once you’ve created the structure, all you need is to fill it with ideas, placing each point in its specific place. This is your opportunity to take the topic and the thesis statement to a completely new level, making your papers understandable like never before. Obviously, it’s your simplest and fastest way to get high grades. The Spartan System allows you to reduce stress and write papers easily, regardless of the topic or length. Just try this system now and see how it works. Set a certain goal and a time limit. For example, 10 pages in 4 hours. You’ll see how a big A+ will appear on the front of that paper!

D-Day

D-Day What Was D-Day? In the early morning hours of June 6, 1944, the Allies launched an attack by sea, landing on the beaches of Normandy on the northern coast of Nazi-occupied France.   The first day of this major undertaking was known as D-Day; it was the first day of the Battle of Normandy (code-named Operation Overlord) in World War II. On D-day, an armada of approximately 5,000 ships secretly crossed the English Channel and unloaded 156,000 Allied soldiers and nearly 30,000 vehicles in a single day on five, well-defended beaches (Omaha, Utah, Pluto, Gold, and Sword). By the end of the day, 2,500 Allied soldiers had been killed and another 6,500 wounded, but the Allies had succeeded, for they had broken through the German defenses and created a second front in World War II. Dates:   June 6, 1944 Planning a Second Front By 1944, World War II had already been raging for five years and most of Europe was under Nazi control. The Soviet Union was having some success on the Eastern Front but the other Allies, specifically the United States and the United Kingdom, had not yet made a full-fledged attack on the European mainland. It was time to create a second front. The questions of where and when to start this second front were difficult ones. The northern coast of Europe was an obvious choice, since the invasion force would be coming from Great Britain. A location that already had a port would be ideal in order to unload the millions of tons of supplies and soldiers needed. Also required was a location that would be within range of Allied fighter planes taking off from Great Britain. Unfortunately, the Nazis knew all this as well. To add an element of surprise and to avoid the bloodbath of trying to take a well-defended port, the Allied High Command decided on a location that met the other criteria but that did not have a port the beaches of Normandy in northern France. Once a location had been chosen, deciding upon a date was next. There needed to be enough time to collect the supplies and equipment, gather the planes and vehicles, and train the soldiers. This whole process would take a year. The specific date also depended on the timing of low tide and a full moon. All of this led to a specific day – June 5, 1944. Rather than continually refer to the actual date, the military used the term â€Å"D-Day† for the day of attack. What the Nazis Expected The Nazis knew the Allies were planning an invasion. In preparation, they had fortified all northern ports, especially the one at Pas de Calais, which was the shortest distance from southern Britain. But that was not all. As early as 1942, Nazi Fà ¼hrer Adolf Hitler ordered the creation of an Atlantic Wall to protect the northern coast of Europe from an Allied invasion. This was not literally a wall; instead, it was a collection of defenses, such as barbed wire and minefields, that stretched across 3,000 miles of coastline. In December 1943, when highly-regarded Field Marshal Erwin Rommel (known as the â€Å"Desert Fox†) was put in charge of these defenses, he found them completely inadequate. Rommel immediately ordered the creation of additional â€Å"pillboxes† (concrete bunkers fitted with machine guns and artillery), millions of additional mines, and a half million metal obstacles and stakes placed on the beaches that could rip open the bottom of landing craft. To hinder paratroopers and gliders, Rommel ordered many of the fields behind the beaches to be flooded and covered with protruding wooden poles (known as â€Å"Rommel’s asparagus†). Many of these had mines fitted on top. Rommel knew that these defenses would not be enough to stop an invading army, but he hoped it would slow them down long enough for him to bring reinforcements. He needed to stop the Allied invasion on the beach, before they gained a foothold. Secrecy The Allies desperately worried about German reinforcements. An amphibious attack against an entrenched enemy would already be incredibly difficult; however, if the Germans ever found out where and when the invasion was to take place and thus reinforced the area, well, the attack might end disastrously. That was the exact reason for the need of absolute secrecy. To help keep this secret, the Allies launched Operation Fortitude, an intricate plan to deceive the Germans. This plan included false radio signals, double agents, and fake armies that included life-size balloon tanks. A macabre plan to drop a dead body with false top-secret papers off the coast of Spain was also used. Anything and everything was used to deceive the Germans, to make them think that the Allied invasion was to occur somewhere else and not Normandy. A Delay All was set for D-Day being on June 5, even the equipment and soldiers had already been loaded onto the ships. Then, the weather changed. A massive storm hit, with 45-mile-an-hour wind gusts and lots of rain. After much contemplation, the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces, U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower, postponed D-Day just one day. Any longer of a postponement and the low tides and full moon wouldn’t be right and they’d have to wait another whole month. Also, it was uncertain they could keep the invasion secret for that much longer. The invasion would begin on June 6, 1944. Rommel also paid notice to the massive storm and believed that the Allies would never invade in such inclement weather. Thus, he made the fateful decision to go out of town on June 5 to celebrate his wife’s 50th birthday. By the time he was informed of the invasion, it was too late. In Darkness: Paratroopers Begin D-Day Although D-Day is famous for being an amphibious operation, it actually started with thousands of brave paratroopers. Under the cover of darkness, the first wave of 180 paratroopers arrived in Normandy. They rode in six gliders that had been pulled and then released by British bombers.   Upon landing, the paratroopers grabbed their equipment, left their gliders, and worked as a team to take control of two, very important bridges: the one over the Orne River and the other over the Caen Canal. Control of these would both hinder German reinforcements along these paths as well as enable the Allies access to inland France once they were off the beaches. The second wave of 13,000 paratroopers had a very difficult arrival in Normandy. Flying in approximately 900 C-47 airplanes, the Nazis spotted the planes and started shooting. The planes drifted apart; thus, when the paratroopers jumped, they were scattered far and wide.    Many of these paratroopers were killed before they even hit the ground; others got caught in trees and were shot by German snipers. Still others drowned in Rommel’s flooded plains, weighed down by their heavy packs and tangled in weeds. Only 3,000 were able to join together; however, they did manage to capture the village of St. Mà ©re Eglise, an essential target. The scattering of the paratroopers had a benefit for the Allies – it confused the Germans. The Germans did not yet realize that a massive invasion was about to get underway. Loading the Landing Craft While the paratroopers were fighting their own battles, the Allied armada was making its way to Normandy. Approximately 5,000 ships including minesweepers, battleships, cruisers, destroyers, and others – arrived in the waters off France around 2 a.m. on June 6, 1944. Most of the soldiers on board these ships were seasick. Not only had they been on board, in extremely cramped quarters, for days, crossing the Channel had been stomach turning because of extremely choppy waters from the storm. The battle began with a bombardment, both from the armada’s artillery as well as 2,000 Allied aircraft that soared overhead and bombed the beach defenses. The bombardment turned out to be not as successful as had been hoped and a lot of German defenses remained intact. While this bombardment was under way, the soldiers were tasked with climbing into landing craft, 30 men per boat. This, in itself, was a difficult task as the men climbed down slippery rope ladders and had to drop into landing craft that were bobbing up and down in five-foot waves. A number of soldiers dropped into the water, unable to surface because they were weighted down by 88 pounds of gear. As each landing craft filled up, they rendezvoused with other landing craft in a designated zone just outside of German artillery range. In this zone, nicknamed â€Å"Piccadilly Circus,† the landing craft stayed in a circular holding pattern until it was time to attack. At 6:30 a.m., the naval gunfire stopped and the landing boats headed toward shore. The Five Beaches The Allied landing boats were headed to five beaches spread out over 50 miles of coastline.   These beaches had been code-named, from west to east, as Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Sword. The Americans were to attack at Utah and Omaha, while the British struck at Gold and Sword. The Canadians headed toward Juno. In some ways, soldiers reaching these beaches had similar experiences. Their landing vehicles would get close to the beach and, if they were not ripped open by obstacles or blown up by mines, then the transport door would open and the soldiers would disembark, waist-deep in the water. Immediately, they faced machine-gun fire from the German pillboxes. Without cover, many in the first transports were simply mowed down. The beaches quickly became bloody and strewn with body parts. Debris from blown up transport ships floated in the water.   Injured soldiers that fell in the water usually did not survive – their heavy packs weighed them down and they drowned. Eventually, after wave after wave of transports dropped off soldiers and then even some armored vehicles, the Allies started making headway on the beaches. Some of these helpful vehicles included tanks, such as the newly designed Duplex Drive tank (DDs). DDs, sometimes called â€Å"swimming tanks,† were basically Sherman tanks that had been fitted with a flotation skirt that allowed them to float. Flails, a tank equipped with metal chains in front, was another helpful vehicle, offering a new way to clear mines ahead of the soldiers. Crocodiles, were tanks equipped with a large flame thrower. These specialized, armored vehicles greatly helped the soldiers on Gold and Sword beaches. By early afternoon, the soldiers on Gold, Sword, and Utah had succeeded in capturing their beaches and had even met up with some of the paratroopers on the other side. The attacks on Juno and Omaha, however, were not going as well. Problems at Juno and Omaha Beaches At Juno, the Canadian soldiers had a bloody landing. Their landing boats had been forced off course by currents and thus had arrived at Juno Beach a half hour late. This meant that the tide had risen and many of the mines and obstacles were thus hidden under water.   An estimated half of the landing boats were damaged, with almost a third completely destroyed. The Canadian troops eventually took control of the beach, but at a cost of more than 1,000 men. It was even worse at Omaha. Unlike the other beaches, at Omaha, American soldiers faced an enemy that was safely housed in pillboxes located on top of bluffs that soared 100 feet above them. The early-morning bombardment that was supposed to take out some of these pillboxes missed this area; thus, the German defenses were nearly intact. The were was one particular bluff, called Pointe du Hoc, that stuck out into the ocean  between Utah and Omaha Beaches, giving German artillery at the top the ability to shoot at both beaches. This was such an essential target that the Allies sent in a special Ranger unit, led by Lt. Col. James Rudder,  to take out the artillery on top. Although arriving a half hour late because of drifting from a strong tide, the Rangers were able to use grappling hooks to scale the sheer cliff. At the top, they  discovered that the guns had been temporarily replaced by telephone poles to fool the Allies and to keep the guns safe from the bombardment. Splitting up and searching the countryside behind the cliff, the Rangers  found the guns. With a group of German soldiers not far away, Rangers snuck in and detonated thermite grenades in the guns, destroying them.   In addition to the bluffs, the crescent-shape of the beach made Omaha the most defensible of all the beaches. With these advantages, the Germans were able to mow down transports as soon as they arrived; the soldiers had little opportunity to run the 200 yards to the seawall for cover. The bloodbath earned this beach the nickname â€Å"Bloody Omaha.† The soldiers on Omaha were also essentially without armored help. Those in command had only requested DDs to accompany their soldiers, but nearly all of the swimming tanks headed toward Omaha drowned in the choppy waters. Eventually, with the help of naval artillery, small groups of men were able to make it across the beach and take out the German defenses, but it would cost 4,000 casualties to do so. The Break Out Despite a number of things not going to plan, D-Day was a success. The Allies had been able to keep the invasion a surprise and, with Rommel out of town and Hitler believing the landings at Normandy were a ruse for a real landing at Calais, the Germans never reinforced their position. After initial heavy fighting along the beaches, the Allied troops were able to secure their landings and break through German defenses to enter the interior of France. By June 7, the day after D-Day, the Allies were beginning the placement of two Mulberries, artificial harbors whose components had been pulled by tugboat across the Channel. These harbors would allow millions of tons of supplies to reach the invading Allied troops. The success of D-Day was the beginning of the end for Nazi Germany. Eleven months after D-Day, the war in Europe would be over.

Final part Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Final part - Essay Example My 1st day at the organization began with the formal signing of wavier forms to indicate that I was indeed working there. My supervisor then enlightened me on the tools that were available as well as the duties that I would carry out during the day. My first role was helping him on putting up frames for a house that had been set up in the locality. This involved putting up exterior wood panels so as to cover the already put up frames by nailing them together. Through combined efforts, we were also able to put up ladder blocking in the walls. I also joined another team of workers at the construction site and helped them the top wooden stud of the house in its appropriate place. On the 2nd day, my supervisor assigned me and other volunteers to work on putting up the roof. I assisted in laying of shingles as a base set up for the roof. There was a roofing professional on site to guide on how to properly roof the house in order to avoid any leakages in times of rain. He guided us through proper alignment and nailing of tar papers as well as layering of the shingles in their proper places. We were then required to install the aluminum roof side covers, a process that required effective teamwork to ensure that each nail was properly nailed in its rightful place. Afterwards, we were required to go round the house confirming that the wall panels were all nailed down properly. I was able to identify and rectify a few of errors all by myself by applying what I had previously learnt. In the course of my volunteer ship, I was able to gain 1st hand experience of what I had orally learnt at school. The basis safety guidelines while constructing a house made more sense now that I had carried the out practically. The idea of teamwork during the construction of a house made more sense to me at that time than when it was being taught in class. I was also able to analyze the principles of construction that I had been taught earlier. This was in