Physics and Albert MIchelesen essays

Physics and Albert MIchelesen essays ysics is a powerful word- this single word embodies everything that the universe encompasses- and everything even beyond this point. Excelling in the field of optics and broaching the topic of light, Albert Michelsen was a man who had made an important mark in this area that would make an everlasting impression in the world of physics. During Michelsens long career, he was able to explore the world of physics with a greater depth, due to the abundance of knowledge he had received in the area of physics by both learning and teaching it in his career- he initiated his career as earning the position as an instructor in physics and chemistry at the Academy. Later, in 1879, Michelsen was posted to the Nautical Almanac Office, Washington. He also visited the Universities of Berlin, Heidelberg, College de France and Ecole Polytechnique. In 1883 Michelsen returned to America and became a professor of physics in the Case School of Applied Science. In 1890 he accepted a similar position at Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts and in the year1892, Michelsen became the highly prestigious and distinguished role of the Professor of Physics and the first Head of Department at the new University of Chicago (nobel.se/physics/laureates/1907/michelson-bio.html). During his lifetime, Michelsen accomplished a great deal in the physics world. Michelsen contributed a great deal in the area of optics, experimenting with some rather crude, but respectable versions, at that time, of approximating the speed of light (Gary Waldman, Introduction to light: the physics of light, vision, and color, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, 1983, p. 221). These rough sketches led to the invention of a new apparatus- the interferometer. This device was designed to split a single beam of light into two different beams of light. After the divergence has both beams in two lines, perpendicular to one another, they are brought back together onc...

Samuel Morse and the Invention of the Telegraph

Samuel Morse and the Invention of the Telegraph The word telegraph is derived from Greek and means to write far, which describes exactly what a telegraph does. At the height of its use,  telegraph technology involved a worldwide system of wires with stations and operators and messengers, that carried messages and news by electricity faster than any other invention before it. Pre-Electricity Telegraphy Systems The first crude telegraph system was made without electricity. It was a system of semaphores or tall poles with movable arms, and other signaling apparatus, set within physical sight of one another. There was such a telegraph line between Dover and London at during the Battle of Waterloo; that related the news of the battle, which had come to Dover by ship, to an anxious London, when a fog set in (obscuring the line of sight) and the Londoners had to wait until a courier on horseback arrived. Electrical Telegraph The electrical telegraph is one of Americas gifts to the world. The credit  for this invention belongs to Samuel Finley Breese Morse. Other inventors had discovered the principles of the telegraph, but Samuel Morse was the first to understand the practical significance of those facts and was the first to take steps to make a practical invention; which took him 12 long years of work. Early Life of  Samuel Morse Samuel Morse was born in 1791, in Charlestown, Massachusetts. His father was a Congregational minister and a scholar of high standing, who was able to send his three sons to Yale College. Samuel (or Finley, as he was called by his family) attended Yale at the age of fourteen and was taught by Benjamin Silliman, Professor of Chemistry, and Jeremiah Day, Professor of Natural Philosophy, later President of Yale College, whose teaching gave Samuel the education which in later years led to the invention of the telegraph. Mr. Days lectures are very interesting, the young student wrote home in 1809; they are upon electricity; he has given us some very fine experiments, the whole class taking hold of hands form the circuit of communication and we all receive the shock apparently at the same moment. Samuel Morse the Painter Samuel Morse was  a gifted  artist; in fact, he earned a part of his college expenses painting miniatures at five dollars apiece. He even decided at first to become an artist rather than an inventor. Fellow student Joseph M. Dulles of Philadelphia wrote the following about Samuel, Finley [Samuel Morse] bore the expression of gentleness entirely... with intelligence, high culture, and general information, and with a strong bent to the fine arts. Soon after graduating from Yale, Samuel Morse made the acquaintance of Washington Allston, an American artist. Allston was then living in Boston but was planning to return to England, he arranged for Morse to accompany him as his pupil. In 1811, Samuel Morse went to England with Allston and returned to America four years later an accredited portrait painter, having studied not only under Allston but under the famous master, Benjamin West. He opened a studio in Boston, taking commissions for portraits Marriage Samuel Morse married Lucretia Walker in 1818. His reputation as a painter increased steadily, and in 1825 he was in Washington painting a portrait of the Marquis La Fayette, for the city of New York, when he heard from his father the bitter news of his wifes death. Leaving the portrait of La Fayette unfinished, the heartbroken artist made his way home. Artist or Inventor? Two years after his wifes death, Samuel Morse was again obsessed with the marvels of electricity, as he had been in college, after attending a series of lectures on that subject given by James Freeman Dana at Columbia College. The two men became friends. Dana visited Morses studio often, where the two men would talk for hours. However, Samuel Morse was still devoted to his art, he had himself and three children to support, and painting was his only source of income. In 1829, he returned to Europe to study art for three years. Then came the turning point in the life of Samuel Morse. In the autumn of 1832, while traveling home by ship, Samuel Morse joined a conversation with a few scientists scientific men who were on board. One of the passengers asked this question: Is the velocity of electricity reduced by the length of its conducting wire? One of the men replied that electricity passes instantly over any known length of wire and referred to Franklins experiments with several miles of wire, in which no appreciable time elapsed between a touch at one end and a spark at the other. This was the seed of knowledge that led the mind of Samuel Morse to invent the telegraph. In November of 1832, Samuel Morse found himself on the horns of a dilemma. To give up his profession as an artist meant that he would have no income; on the other hand, how could he continue wholeheartedly painting pictures while consumed with the idea of the telegraph? He would have to go on painting and develop his telegraph in what time he could spare. His brothers, Richard and Sidney, were both living in New York and they did what they could for him, giving him a room in a building they had erected at Nassau and Beekman Streets. Samuel Morses Poverty How very poor Samuel Morse was at this time is indicated by a story told by General Strother of Virginia who hired Morse to teach him how to paint: I paid the money [tuition], and we dined together. It was a modest meal, but good, and after he [Morse] had finished, he said, This is my first meal for twenty-four hours. Strother, dont be an artist. It means beggary. Your life depends upon people who know nothing of your art and care nothing for you. A house dog lives better, and the very sensitiveness that stimulates an artist to work keeps him alive to suffering. In 1835, Samuel Morse received an appointment to the teaching staff of  New York University  and moved his workshop to a room in the University building in Washington Square. There, he lived through the year 1836, probably the darkest and longest year of his life, giving lessons to pupils in the art of painting while his mind was in the throes of the great invention. The Birth of the Recording Telegraph In that year [1836] Samuel Morse took into his confidence one of his colleagues in the University, Leonard Gale, who assisted Morse in improving the telegraph apparatus. Morse had formulated the rudiments of the telegraphic alphabet, or  Morse Code, as it is known today. He was ready to test his invention. Yes, that room of the University was the birthplace of the Recording Telegraph, said Samuel Morse years later. On September 2, 1837, a successful experiment was made with seventeen hundred feet of copper wire coiled around the room, in the presence of Alfred Vail, a student, whose family owned the Speedwell Iron Works, at Morristown, New Jersey, and who at once took an interest in the invention and persuaded his father, Judge Stephen Vail, to advance money for experiments. Samuel Morse filed a petition for a patent in October and formed a partnership with Leonard Gale, as well as Alfred Vail. Experiments continued at the Vail shops, with all the partners working day and night. The prototype was publicly demonstrated at the University, visitors were requested to write dispatches, and the words were sent around a three-mile coil of wire and read at the other end of the room. Samuel Morse Petitions Washington to Build Telegraph Line In February 1838, Samuel Morse set out for Washington with his apparatus, stopping at Philadelphia on the invitation of the Franklin Institute to give a demonstration. In Washington, he presented to Congress a petition, asking for a money appropriation to enable him to build an experimental telegraph line. Samuel Morse Applies for European Patents Samuel Morse then returned to New York to prepare to go abroad, as it was necessary for his rights that his invention was patented in European countries before publication in the United States. However, the British Attorney-General refused him a patent on the grounds that American newspapers had published his invention, making it public property. He did receive a French  patent. Introduction to the Art of Photography One interesting result of Samuel Morses 1838 trip to Europe was something not related to the telegraph at all. In Paris, Morse met  Daguerre, the celebrated Frenchman who had discovered a process of making pictures by sunlight, and Daguerre had given Samuel Morse the secret. This led to the first pictures taken by sunlight in the United States and to the first photographs of the human face taken anywhere. Daguerre had never attempted to photograph living objects and did not think it could be done, as a  rigidity of position was required for a long exposure. Samuel Morse, however, and his associate, John W. Draper, were very soon taking portraits successfully. Building of the First Telegraph Line In December 1842, Samuel Morse traveled to Washington for another appeal to  Congress. At last, on February 23, 1843, a bill appropriating thirty thousand dollars to lay the wires between Washington and Baltimore passed the House by a majority of six. Trembling with anxiety, Samuel Morse sat in the gallery of  the House  while the vote was taken and that night Samuel Morse wrote, The long agony is over. But the agony was not over. The bill had yet to pass  the Senate. The last day of the expiring session of Congress arrived on March 3, 1843, and the Senate had not yet passed the bill. In the gallery of the Senate, Samuel Morse had sat all the last day and evening of the session. At midnight the session would close. Assured by his friends that there was no possibility of the bill being reached, he left the Capitol and retired to his room at the hotel, broken-hearted. As he ate breakfast the next morning, a young lady with a smile, exclaimed, I have come to congratulate you! For what, my dear friend? asked Morse, of the young lady, who was Miss Annie G. Ellsworth, daughter of his friend the Commissioner of Patents. On the passage of your bill. Morse assured her it was not possible, as he remained in the Senate-Chamber until nearly midnight. She then informed him that her father was present until the close, and, in the last moments of the session, the bill was passed without debate or revision. Professor Samuel Morse was overcome by the intelligence, so joyful and unexpected, and gave at the moment to his young friend, the bearer of these good tidings, the promise that she should send the first message over the first line of the telegraph that was opened. Samuel Morse and his partners then proceeded to the construction of the forty-mile line of wire between Baltimore and Washington. Ezra Cornell, (founder of  Cornell University) had invented a machine to lay pipe underground to contain the wires and he was employed to carry out the work of construction. The work was commenced at Baltimore and was continued until the experiment proved that the underground method would not do, and it was decided to string the wires on poles. Much time had been lost, but once the system of poles was adopted the work progressed rapidly, and by May 1844, the line was completed. On the twenty-fourth of that month, Samuel Morse sat before his instrument in the room of the Supreme Court at Washington. His friend Miss Ellsworth handed him the message which she had chosen: WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT! Morse flashed it to Vail forty miles away in Baltimore, and Vail instantly flashed back the same momentous words, WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT! The profits from the invention were divided into sixteen shares (the partnership having been formed in 1838) of which: Samuel Morse held 9, Francis O. J. Smith 4, Alfred Vail 2, Leonard D. Gale 2. First Commercial Telegraph Line In 1844, the first commercial telegraph line was open for business. Two days later, the Democratic National Convention met in Baltimore to nominate a President and Vice-President. The leaders of the Convention wanted to nominate New York Senator Silas Wright, who was away in Washington, as running mate to  James Polk, but they needed to know if Wright would agree to run as Vice-President. A human messenger was sent to Washington, however, a telegraph was also sent to Wright. The telegraph messaged the offer to Wright, who telegraphed back to the Convention his refusal to run. The delegates did not believe the telegraph until the human messenger returned the next day and confirmed the telegraphs message. Improved Telegraph Mechanism and Code Ezra Cornell built more telegraph lines across the United States, connecting city with city, and Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail improved the hardware and perfected the code. Inventor, Samuel Morse lived to see his telegraph span the continent, and link communications between Europe and North America. Replacing the Pony Express By 1859, both the railroad and the telegraph had reached the town of St. Joseph, Missouri. Two thousand miles further east and still unconnected was California. The only transportation to California was by stage-coach, a sixty-day journey. To establish quicker communication with California, the Pony Express mail route was organized. Solo riders on horseback could cover the distance in ten or twelve days. Relay stations for the horses and men were set up at points along the way, and a mailman rode off from St. Joseph every twenty-four hours after the arrival of the train (and mail) from the East. For a time the Pony Express did its work and did it well. President Lincolns first inaugural speech was carried to California by the Pony Express. By 1869, the Pony Express was replaced by the telegraph, which now had lines all the way to San Francisco and seven years later the first  transcontinental railroad  was completed. Four years after that, Cyrus Field and  Peter Cooper  laid the  Atlantic Cable. The Morse telegraph machine could now send messages across the sea, as well as from New York to the Golden Gate.

Training & Talent Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Training & Talent Management - Essay Example I therefore appreciate the fact that Training and Talent Management has a significant impact on employees (managers, sales staff, customer service, etc.) (Treen, 2000). I suggests that it is important for the HR departments in organizations to ascertain that the employees at all levels including the managers, sales staff, customer service, etc are given equal chances to gain a clear insight of their expected roles and duties which will facilitate meeting the core values as well as purposes of the organization. This realization has enabled me as an aspiring manager to value the importance of Training and Talent Management in relation to the set goals of organization (Treen, 2000). Prior to this new knowledge I would have treated the process of recruitment of employees superficially. For instance, I would have employed the traditional method of placing an advert for job vacancies in the local dailies then asking for written applications based on purely academic qualifications as reflected on the curriculum vitae. I would also have â€Å"canvassed† from within the existing employees based on my â€Å"cronies† as a way of ‘buying royalty’. I would also have involved a hastily constituted panel to conduct â€Å"interviews† whose outcomes would have been premeditated. From the foregoing, it can be understood that I would not have been able to match talent equal to the task which is the core of Training and Talent Management. This topic on Training and Talent Management has acted as an eye opener. I now realize that the objective of Training and Talent Management is facilitating for efficient accomplishment of the responsibilities of the employees to the anticipated standards. Effectiveness of Training and Talent Management programs should be gauged by the perceived results which are reflected in the level of performance of the employees (Treen, 2000).

The challenges of managing communication, leadership and decision Essay

The challenges of managing communication, leadership and decision making - Essay Example The role of managers is to level possible disagreements and create positive climate and atmosphere. In hospitality, sector, cohesive groups, and self-managing teams create a tension and pressure which has a negative impact on critical analysis and decision-making process. The challenge of management is to restructure self-managing teams and introduce new methods and forms of communication between teams members. Cohesiveness is more likely when members of a team are to gather for a reasonable length of time, and changes occur only slowly. Strict guidelines and rules established by a manager will help to avoid conflict situations and turnover of members. Low morale and a negative attitude are often associated with a large number of team members undertaking similar work. This requires realistic planning by which the degree and quality of goal achievement can be determined. Teamwork coordination should be stated clearly and communicated to those concerned, and to those who are subject to the operation of the control system. Decision-making has a great influence on effective teamwork, because it involves some degree of participation. Team decision-making uses an overlapping form of structure (Dittmer 2001). Cross-cultural environment and cross-cultural teams create another challenge for management. This issue is typical for hospitality management and communication based on the nature of business itself. Hospitality management operates on the global scale and has to deal with different customer groups and culturally diverse employees. In this case, communication and leadership are the main tools used by management to eliminate cultural differences and tension (Beardwell et al 2001). There are always certain groups in any society that are discriminated against unfavorably due to the prejudices and preconceptions of the people with whom they have to deal. These preconceptions are sometimes verbalized, but often not, and the people holding these preconceptions may well be unaware of the way that they see and judge things and people. The key to managing a diverse workforce is increasing individual awareness of and sensitivity to differences of race, gender, social class, sexual orientation, physical ability, and age. The locus of change is the individual and change itself is both intra- and inter-personal. The action plan will can be based on employee' survey (questionnaire) aimed to identify the main areas of improvement and current problems faced by hospitality managers (Dow 1999). Primarily, it is crucial to develop mutual acceptance and membership within each team. Members in different departments and corporate office environment should have an initial mistrust of each other and a fear of inadequacies. If they remain defensive and limit their behavior through conformity and ritual, the manager should adopt diversity policies to reduce a negative impact (Bowen, Ford 2004). The priority is with questions of likes and dislikes, and power or dependency of group members. Critics admit that there is

Ghost Town Essay Example for Free

Ghost Town Essay A graveyard at midnight was always going to be scary. I just hadnt expected it to be quite so scary. Shadows scuttled behind crooked grave-stones. Street lights glowered like white unblinking eyes through the fog. Cold, clammy fingers stroked the back of my neck. Its just the wind, I told myself. Dont go shrieking like some silly girl, or youll give them away. I clutched my bad tighter, keeping my eyes on the circle of bobbing torches. Those Cool Club kids thought they were so cool, coming to the graveyard in the middle of the night, dressed all in black. I could hear them giggling, and making spooky sounds, as Reaper whose real name was Matt held a torch under his chin and told some stupid ghost story. Skeleton was glugging down some disgusting black drink they called bats blood, though I knew it was really blackcurrant cordial with green food colouring and a bit of flour. I knew this because Skeleton is my big brother Hamish, and hed chased me all round the house this afternoon trying to make, me drink it. Hamish and his mates thought they were so cool, but Id show them! I crouched down behind a broken stone angel, and carefully rummaged through my bag. A bag of flour, a toy microphone that made your voice echo loudly, a length of ragged white muslin curtain right, I was ready. Just then, I heard a weird shuffling sound right behind me, I whipped round and saw A rage infected dog! It was moving rapidly, in my direction and ready to pounce. Slowly and quietly it snuck up on me edging closer and closer. Without out any sudden warning the mad dog pounced. Rapidly, I moved just in time to get out of the way. The rage infected dog sensed my fear and I stood still as still can be. Furiously, I ditched my plans and I decided to make a run for it, leaving my bag and equipment behind. As soon as I started running, the dog came racing behind me, just waiting to take a bite out of my, little legs. The graveyard was a dark and mysterious place, which I would have never dared to go. My thoughts and my fear were getting the better of me and my legs. I started to slow down. In the moments of shear disbelief, the river came upon me, which ran past the graveyard. Without any conscious decision I leapt into the river with full force. The dog came to an abrupt halt. The blood was pumping frantically throughout my body. Moments later my heart rate began to normalise. The dog lost my scent and gave a frightening howl, which temporarily paralysed my hearing. The rage within the dog was building. I looked up through the shrubs, in the direction of the river bank. Slowly and quietly I swam towards the bank. The dog turned back and bailed. I was determined to get back to the club but the winds and the noises of the graveyard were again taking advantage of me, breaking me down slowly and slowly. I made the most immediate decision, and that was to follow the dog. As stupid as I was, I would always keep a safe distance away from the unpredictable creature. With no clear path and all dense shrubs, I had trouble getting out of the banks. My body was shivering; the hairs on my legs and arms were all straight and upright. The deep cuts from the bushes started to emerge on my legs and the lacerations started to sting as the dry wind grazed against them. With blood trickling out of the cuts on my legs I started walking, keeping a good distance from the dog. I soon got back to the clubs location and no one was there. And then it hit me, I had just lost track of the dog. The problem was where was the dog? After 10 minutes of walking, I soon spotted the club whimpering behind a cold hard abrasive rock. I was worried. There was no sign of Hamish, my big brother. Matt said that Hamish had gone off wandering tying to find me. One of the other club members spotted a dark red trail just ahead of the rock. Matt, his mates and I grouped together and we started following the blood trail. It seemed endless. The trail went on and on and no one knew when it would stop. After endlessly travelling in the middle of a graveyard, I became weary. Then we heard a noise. It was a deep heavy growl. Matt peeked through the bushes and gave a terrifying shriek. His face was purple. I looked through the bushes I looked up and I saw the rage infected dog right at him. It was Hamish. He was missing a great chunk from his neck and the dog was furiously tugging at the remaining leg. The shear force of the dog ripped the leg off. It was sent flying. The dog rapidly chased after the remaining leg and chewed it to pieces. All the blood and flesh went everywhere. I felt weak and dizzy. My brother was dead. Right in front of my eyes, in pieces! I had sunk to an all time low. I began weeping on Matts shoulder. My brother had gone. Just perished Matt tried calling for help but there was no answer. The group started moving on. We all walked up to Hamishs body, which was ripped up in pieces. We all thought the dog was long gone, until I turned around. Black creatures were emerging from the bushes. Slowly they grew bigger. The street lights around the graveyard began flickering. Suddenly they went out. From nowhere howling began to start. The lights started flickering again. And then everything stopped. Matt looked around and immediately clenched my hand. We were surrounded. Dogs were everywhere. Suddenly, Matt pulled out a knife. But how? Matt handed me a silver serrated knife, which was identical to his. I could barely hold on to it with one hand. With both hands I gripped it. And with my life on the line, we all charged at the dogs. Waving our knives back and forth, hurling flesh everywhere. In a flash, one of the dogs started heading in my direction. With a last and desperate attempt, the dog made a frantic move. It pounced at me I moved the knife right into the view of my face. I hacked the dogs face off with the knife. Its mangled body came flying into my face and knocked me over. Another ferocious creature came and looked over me. I was finished! Suddenly the wind started howling and a silver knife came down on the dog. Its innards flew everywhere. What looked like a stomach came flying into my mouth. Furiously I spat it out. With my mouth bathed in blood, I felt sick. The dogs had bailed. But what was ahead of us?

Essay --

What Is a â€Å"Real† Woman? Criticism of Existing Body Positive Advertising Thinner and thinner models are being used in combination with Photoshop, creating an impossible beauty ideal that is affecting the physical and emotional health of women in our society. The typical fashion model presented in advertisements has protruding hip bones and an androgynous body shape due to dangerously low body fat. They are slimmed and smoothed further in images by the use of Photoshop. The documentary MissRepresentation points out, â€Å"you never see a photograph in the media of a woman considered beautiful that hasn’t been digitally altered to make her absolutely inhumanely perfect†. Since the 1980’s, the quest to be thin has shifted from eliminating excess weight to eliminating bulges, or flesh that wiggles (â€Å"Slender Body† 191). It is no longer enough to be thin. The ideal body is also toned, bolted down, and maintains â€Å"firm bodily margins† (â€Å"Slender Body† 191). This nearly impossible beauty standard is reflected and enforced by advertisements showing emaciated models selling products to smooth out bumps, reduce wrinkles, or tone the body. The media’s depiction of female bodies has a detrimental influence on women’s perception of themselves and has come under fire in recent years. Girls growing up in our media soaked culture internalize society’s ever-thinning standard of beauty, believing that they can never be slender enough. The negative effect of the media has been linked to the spread of eating disorders (â€Å"Never Just Pictures†, Thompson). This has led to a public outcry against impossibly thin, airbrushed models and a demand for more honest advertising. The movement toward â€Å"body positive† advertising is a response to the damaging eff... ...ove, it still rejects older and disabled women as beautiful. It also renders women with imperfect skin or tattoos as unacceptable. Although Skinnygirl claims to show the average woman in their advertisement, they still only represent a limited demographic. Although presented as body positive, Dove, M&S and Skinnygirl’s advertising campaigns using â€Å"real women† still subscribe to existing beauty standards to maintain firm body margins and reject certain body types as beautiful. Even if well intentioned, advertising for beauty products is inherently not a good place to start the body positive movement because it relies on the consumer feeling like they need to improve themselves to buy the product. Instead of focusing on how to make â€Å"ordinary† women feel beautiful, the focus should shift away from the body. Women should not feel as if their beauty is their self worth.

“Notes of a Native Son” by James Baldwin Essay

The point of Baldwin’s essays is not so much to make his readers aware of racial prejudice in the States as it is to attempt to look at that prejudice, analyze it, understand where it comes from, and decide how to deal with it. In this essay, James Baldwin explores the complexities of both race relationships and familial relationships. Concerning his relationship with his father, Baldwin admits toward the beginning of the essay: â€Å"We had got on badly, partly because we shared, in our different fashions, the vice of stubborn pride.† This admission sets the tone for the rest of the essay, an idea of both opposition and similarity in this relationship. Also, Baldwin begins the title essay in Notes of a Native Son with a statement of death and birth. He mentions that â€Å"my father died. On the same day, a few hours later, his last child was born.†(p,52) This theme of death and birth also works itself out on a larger scale, eventually encompassing the entire ess ay. At the end of the essay Baldwin begins with his father’s funeral. Then he goes into reminiscing the times when his father was alive, realizing that they hadn’t talked much. Then back to the funeral, â€Å"The casket now was opened and the mourners were being led up the aisle to look for the last time on the deceased.† (p.65) Baldwin takes a last look at his father’s face.Baldwin is able to see his father in a different light, one that includes both his negative and positive characteristics. In doing so, Baldwin is also able to see himself more clearly. By examining his relationship with his father, Baldwin experiences several revelations, which culminate in a type of symbolic death and spiritual rebirth by the end of the essay.

Ancient China Essay

Q1. How did China’s environment help a civilization to develop there? Because of the areas with a good climate and rich soil, China’s civilization was able to flourish. Although most of china is made up of mountains and deserts, there are some places like the river valleys with good climate and soil that is perfect for farming. These river valleys are formed by the Huang, Yangtze, and Xi Rivers. When they knew they could farm there, people began to settling along the Huang about 5000bc. They learned to make dikes and irrigation systems and started jobs like herding sheep and cattle. Sometimes, the dikes created would not be enough to hold the water, and the Huang would destroy towns and crops. The trials and rewards that the Huang River brought gave it its name, The River of Sorrows. Along with civilization came invasion. China’s civilization was invaded many times by nomads from Mongolia and Manchuria. But even if some of these invaders worked their way up to government, they kept the Chinese culture because it was so strong. Q2. What do we know of China’s first historic dynasty? The Shang Dynasty was China’s first historic dynasty. It began in the Huang River Valley at about 1500bc. They started off only ruling a small portion around the city of Anyang, but even though they didn’t rule certain places, they still promised to fight against all invaders. They had bronze weapons and chariots to help in battle. They slowly gained more power as the population grew, and by 1200bc, the Shang rulers became great. Q3. How was China governed during the Zhou Dynasty? The Zhou Dynasty began at about 1027bc and because of their strong dynasty, they ruled for 800 years. They took over the Shang Dynasty with the help of a few Chinese city-states whose leaders where very powerful, so the ruled their city-states independently. The Zhou Dynasty weakened because of small wars within kingdoms. By 400s bc the Zhou Dynasty was so weak the only ruled over their own city state. These years of weakening were called the Years of the Warring States. China’s government developed the Mandate of Heaven which said that each dynasty would have their own government. A dynasty could rule only as long as it kept its mandate. When a dynasty’s mandate was taken by the gods, the new ruler would have to defeat the old to begin his own dynasty.

The Issue Related To Child Abuse Social Work Essays

The Issue Related To Child Abuse Social Work Essays The Issue Related To Child Abuse Social Work Essay The Issue Related To Child Abuse Social Work Essay sexual maltreatment ( runing from exposure and caressing to intercourse, incest, and colza ) , and emotional maltreatment ( unequal parenting and break up unfavorable judgment ) . Drumhead The incidence of maltreatment depends on the combination of factors qualifying the parent and kid. Assorted types of maltreatment exist, and the effects of the job are legion and lay waste toing. It is clear that aid is needed for all both elements: the kid and parent. Systems Approach to Child Maltreatment Introduction Since kid maltreatment and disregard are non entirely societal, legal, psychological or medical jobs, they should non be manages by one subject or profession entirely. These are complex jobs affecting Judgess, attorneies, constabulary officers, societal workers, doctors, and pedagogues. Often, assisting attempts remain disconnected among assorted subjects, communications and coordination are hard to implement, there is a duplicate of attempts by viing bureaus, and tear and hostility exist among viing attacks to the job. [ The Social Construction of Child Abuse, 1975 ; 363-371 ] In response to the job of kid ill-treatment, several legal powers have created multidisciplinary kid protection squads to look into, buttocks, and dainty instances of kid maltreatment. The format and execution of these squads vary nationally, yet they normally include the accomplishments of legal, societal work, mental wellness, and medical professionals, and it has by and large been found that the squads corporate expertness provides more comprehensive, valuable counsel to an single social worker, research worker, justice, etc. [ The Child Protection Team Handbook, 1978 ; 7-13 ] Punitive V. Curative Approachs There are two general positions of how to near the job of kid maltreatment: The punitory attack positions child maltreatment as a offense for which parents must be punished. The curative attack positions child maltreatment as a household job necessitating intervention for the household. The attack to child, protection has bit by bit shifted from punitory to curative, with the current positions that intervention and rehabilitation, instead than penalty and requital, and is the best agencies of protecting endangered kids. Five major systems are involved in kid maltreatment jurisprudence enforcement, societal service, medical, and instruction systems and the positions of each will now be discussed. Law enforcement Perspective The constabulary officer s primary duty to the community is to forestall offense, apprehend felons, guarantee public safety, and enforce Torahs. Police may take portion in the probes of alleged instances of kid ill-treatment since they have the legal authorization to derive entree to the place and take the kid or maltreater from the place if the life or wellness of the individual is in danger. The bulk of kids, nevertheless, are comparatively in a nonthreatening mode so that the parent s response to this initial experience is receptive to therapy and does non prevent future bureau contacts. [ The Child Protection Team Handbook, 1978 ; 149-152 ] Although the coverage Torahs in many States require a constabulary probe and study, police engagement is rare and many constabularies sections refer the instance to a protective service bureau for probe and proviso of services. [ Overview of the Problem, 1975 ; 31 ] While some constabulary sections have initiated specifically trained kid abuse units, the bulk of constabulary sections have non. The police officer called to measure the scene of suspected kid maltreatment normally lacks the preparation and diagnostic accomplishments necessary to measure the earnestness of the state of affairs and find appropriate action for the public assistance of the household. This issue stems from the attitude that any assisting map necessitating the usage of interpersonal accomplishments diminishes the masculine authorization image of the constabulary, and the strong belief that assisting people is basically a societal work map that is distinct from the existent work of the constabulary. [ Overview of the Problem, 1975 ; 40 ] Realistically, the constabulary officer can be trained to go more of a specializer in managing household crises without compromising the primary map of keeping jurisprudence and order. Bard suggests that alterations are needed in the co nstabulary organisational construction, that cooperation with other assisting systems are needed, and that intensive preparation plans in household crisis intercession should be instituted. [ Overview of the Problem, 1975 ; 41 ] These alterations would enable the officer to move with greater effectivity and personal satisfaction and to the benefit of society. [ Overview of the Problem, 1975 ; 42 ] Another issue is that juvenile constabulary research workers are short-handed and overworked. Because of the low precedence they place on the job of kid maltreatment, constabulary decision makers tend to restrict the figure of research workers may besides reflect the traditional attitude that the function of constabulary is maintain jurisprudence and order, non the advocate and intervene in domestic jobs. Social Service Perspective By virtuousness of their preparation and occupation function, most societal workers are sensitive to the job, and are able to place and therefore study suspected instances of ill-treatment. The societal worker ( besides referred to as a protective service worker ) conducts the probe, appraisals, and intervention of instances. [ The Child Protection Team Handbook, 1978 ; 221-235 ] Because of the nature of societal work preparation, societal workers tend to see kid maltreatment within the broader context of the household kineticss and interaction forms, instead than concentrating on the maltreatment itself. If a household is collaborating with the intervention, a societal worker will frequently avoid constabulary intercession and possible tribunal proceedings, experiencing that these would be counterproductive to a curative relationship with the household. [ Child Abuse Case Identification and Reporting, 1977 ; 7 ] However, if a kid is in utmost danger, or if the worker feels that by d escribing, more resources and intervention would go available for the household, the societal worker will describe a instance to the constabulary. Social workers frequently find themselves in a quandary between what they feel they should make as required by their occupation and what they personally experience would be in the best involvements of the kid and the household. [ The Child Protection Team Handbook, 1978 ; 221-235 ] Many societal workers feel that the best manner to manage ill-treatment is to do every attempt to maintain the kid in the place and maintain the household integral while step ining with supportive services ( housewifes, twenty-four hours attention, guidance, etc. ) With the belief that surrogate attention and institutional attention are unequal replacements and abused kids will normally return place voluntarily, the current tendency is to maintain the kid with his natural parents and learn the parents more effectual parenting accomplishments. [ The Child Protection Team Handbook, 1978 ; 221-235 ] A major issue in societal service sections is that more support is needed to supply a larger staff, increased preparation, and more outreach work in the community. [ The Child Protection Team Handbook, 1978 ; 221-235 ] Protective service workers are by and large overworked and underpaid due to deficits of support and staff. Another job that faces societal workers is a deficiency of cooperation among community bureaus. Often bureaus will decline to portion information with a societal service section, fearing that they will be robbed of the instance when, in fact, the societal service section s purpose is to derive a better apprehension of a instance in order to supply more complete services. [ The Child Protection Team Handbook, 1978 ; 221-235 ] Social worker burnout is another important job. Working with maltreatment instances is an highly demanding undertaking which requires exceeding sensitiveness. Social workers must be able to accept cordial reception and rejection without experiencing the demand to revenge. Due to emotional exhaustion, many workers lose their sensitiveness and burnout , thereby going uneffective as assisting individuals. A self-help group composed of protective service workers has emerged to supply a good support system for workers who daily sustain emotionally run outing experience and need an mercantile establishment to vent their defeat. [ The Child Protection Team Handbook, 1978 ; 235-237 ] Medical Position The doctor s chief function in kid maltreatment instances is to be an accurate pathologist and to supply medical intervention. [ The Child Protection Team Handbook, 1978 ; 39 ] Many experts believe that physicians are the professionals most qualified, to place kid maltreatment, yet many physicians find that naming maltreatment is highly hard for several grounds. Doctors, in general, have merely minimum preparation related specifically to child raising and ill-treatment ; many have non mastered interviewing accomplishments and observation techniques which are necessary in placing maltreatment ; and many do non obtain information from patients unless it is volunteered. [ Child Abuse Case Identification and Reporting ; 1977 ; 8-8 ] Although sensing of kid maltreatment is portion of the duty of doctors, they may be hesitating to describe it ; even though it is illegal non to describe it. The issue of confidentiality, privateness, and professional moralss enter into the doctor s determination devising procedure. The doctor may experience that professional moralss involved in the physician patient relationship preclude describing a instance of maltreatment. Possible liability, possible harm to a doctor s pattern, and the desire to avoid the possibility of attesting in tribunal or covering with angry parents are principles for a physician s non describing kid maltreatment. Ultimately, the doctor s major concern should be the patient s public assistance ; that is what is best for the kid. As with other professionals, the diagnosing and study of child maltreatment is a affair of the doctor s judgement. Education Position The instructors function topographic points them in a premier place for roll uping information about kids and their place environment. Since they have continual day-to-day contact with kids over long periods of clip, they are able to detect any unusual fortunes and alterations in a kid s visual aspect and behaviour, which allows them to do determinations about suspected instances of ill-treatment. They may go leery of a kid who becomes excessively aggressive, overactive, or who all of a sudden becomes really inactive and withdrawn. Children who are systematically tardily for school, come to school excessively early, hesitate to travel place, or are absent without sensible accounts, may be demoing indicants of possible maltreatment. Teachers are able to detect the kid s interaction with his equals, grownups, aliens, and detect his behaviour at drama. Besides, instructors have an chance to go acquainted with the kid s parents and organize some feeling of the kid s household life and place environment and of the parents grade of involvement and concern for the kid. Despite the fact that instructors are in a premier place to indentify and describe suspected child maltreatment, they frequently have their ain position of what constitutes good parenting patterns. Many instructors tend to overlook maltreatment, since they themselves believe in the patterns of rough subject in the schoolroom. Others are keenly cognizant of maltreatment, and position it as a manifestation of household jobs in the kid s place. Another current issue is the resistance voiced by parents and communities sing compulsory coverage, by school forces, of suspected kid maltreatment instances. Many parents view the instructor s duty to describe suspected instances of ill-treatment as an invasion into the privateness of household personal businesss. Communities have opposed it due to concern over the confidentiality of records. The National Center on Child Abuse has observed that, in general, community response to describing kid maltreatment through the school system has been highly negative ; therefore, community instruction, support, and engagement are critical. Decision Each profession has its ain function, undertaking, and position on managing instances of ill-treatment, and these functions, unluckily, frequently overlap, or otherwise come into struggle, doing a duplicate of attempts, deficiency of services. Many research workers conclude that a multidisciplinary squad attack is more effectual manner of pull offing the job of kid maltreatment. Decision The direction of job of kid maltreatment is in a province of alteration and alteration. The Torahs and processs are obscure and vary from legal power to legal power. The figure of reported instances of ill-treatment has been turning at a gait that overwhelms the professionals who process them. This addition is straight related to the alteration in the Torahs sing compulsory coverage and unsusceptibility from malpractice suits every bit good as to alter in our societal construction. Further research is needed to find the current incidence and badness of kid maltreatment and disregard ; to clear up the relationships between the psychological, societal, familial, and economic factors and child ill-treatment ; to research promising preventative and intervention techniques ; and to measure the effectivity of bing plans. Child maltreatment affects our full society. It is no longer merely a household job but a societal, legal, moral, and medical concern. It concerns non merely the kid and the maltreater: all of us are involved as neighbours, friends, relations, citizens, professionals as homo. It is naif to believe that child maltreatment can be eradicated wholly. However, like so many other social jobs, a conjunct attempt can relieve the job to some extent and cut down the emotional and fiscal costs. The costs are incalculable. For the abused and ignored kid there is terrible physical and emotional hurting. For the maltreater there may be feelings of insufficiency, insecurity, bitterness, defeat, guilt, and shame. For the populace there is the disbursal of medical intervention, tribunal proceedings, Foster attention, bar undertakings, and intervention plans. In add-on, since every abused kid is potentially an opprobrious parent and unstable grownup, there is the inestimated cost to society of perpetuating the job from coevals to coevals.

When Do SAT Subject Test Scores Come Out

When Do SAT Subject Test Scores Come Out SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips After you take the SAT Subject Tests, you probably want to find out your results right away. You'll have to be a little patient, though, as you might need to wait between two and six weeks to get your SAT Subject Test scores. We've compiled the exact score delivery dates below. We also offer tips on how to track down your scores and what to do after you get them. Read on to find out just when you'll get your SAT Subject Test scores. SAT Subject Test Score Release Dates 2019-2020 After some delays in score delivery in recent years, the College Board now promises online score delivery within three weeks for most SAT and SAT Subject Test dates. Additionally, any colleges you designate as score recipients should get your SAT scores within 10 days after you get your own score report. As you can see, delivery dates (to both students and their selected schools) can range from two weeks to more than five weeks (for June score deliveries). In the chart below, you'll find windows for score release dates for the rest of the 2018-2019 Subject Test dates: Test Date Online and Paper Score Delivery Date Scores Sent to Colleges By May 4, 2019 May 17, 2019 May 27, 2019 June 1, 2019 July 10, 2019 July 20, 2019 Source: The College Board And here are our estimated dates for the 2019-2020 Subject Test dates: Test Date Online and Paper Score Delivery Date Scores Sent to Colleges By Aug 24, 2019 Sept 6, 2019 Sept 16, 2019 Oct 5, 2019 Oct 18, 2019 Oct 28, 2019 Nov 2, 2019 Nov 15, 2019 Nov 25, 2019 Dec 7, 2019 Dec 20, 2019 Dec 30, 2019 May 2, 2020 May 15, 2020 May 25, 2020 June 6, 2020 July 15, 2020 July 25, 2020 Source: The College Board The College Board delivers paper score reports at the same time SAT Subject Test scores become available online; however, they're not explicit about when exactly colleges will get SAT Subject Test scores, only promising that colleges should get them within 10 days after students get their own score reports. At least you know exactly when you can get your scores online, though. Read on for a step-by-step explanation of how to access your SAT Subject Test scores on the dates above. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Raise Your SAT Score by 160 Points(Free Download) How to Get Your SAT Subject Test Scores Internet score delivery for SAT Subject Tests should take place around 8 am Eastern Time (5 am Pacific Time). According to students, the scores sometimes appear a few hours earlier. To get your scores, log on to your College Board account and go to "My Test Scores." Once there, you'll see your scores from any and all SAT Subject Tests you've taken. You'll need your username and password to be able to log in and view your scores. If you don't remember one or both of these, go through the steps to recover this info with the email associated with your account. If you need to recover your username and/or password, try to do so before score release day. It wouldn't be any fun to go through this rigmarole as your scores wait in your account, just out of reach! According to the dates above, your paper score report should be delivered to you around the same time they come out online. You can also get your Subject Test scores over the phone by calling 866-756-7346 (domestic) or 212-713-7789 (international). This service costs $15 per call, so you'll need to have a credit card on hand. Now that you know when to expect your SAT Subject Test scores and how to access them, is there anything else to keep in mind about the Subject Tests? How to Schedule Your SAT Subject Tests Since you now know when you'll get your SAT Subject Test scores, you should design your testing schedule with these dates in mind, especially when it comes to college application deadlines. At present, the College Board does not commit to having scores to colleges by specific dates, only stating when they'll start to deliver them. Therefore, I suggest giving yourself at least a week of leeway between your score release date and your application deadline. It's possible that colleges will be more lenient because of past score release delays, but I wouldn't risk it or risk getting stressed out about it. You want to leave enough time for colleges to get your scores. You might also leave extra time to retake a Subject Test or two if you end up being disappointed with your scores. Remember that all the SAT Subject Tests are multiple choice and your answer sheets are scored by a machine. Make sure to keep them neat and not make any stray marks or doodles, as the machine won't be able to tell the difference between a real answer and a stray mark. As long as you schedule your SAT Subject Tests with enough time for colleges to receive your score reports, you'll be all set- you just have to wait out the weeks until you get your scores! What to Do After You Get Your SAT Subject Test Scores You've gotten your SAT Subject Test scores. Now what? Do you focus on SAT/ACT prep? Apply to college? Or just totally forget about your scores? Here's a step-by-step guide on what to do after you see your SAT Subject Test scores. Step 1: Determine How Good Your Scores Are First, it's important to check that your Subject Test scores are up to par (or even better than) the average Subject Test scores at the schools you're applying to. This lets you see whether you're on track to being a competitive applicant or whether you need to work a little harder on presenting yourself as an ideal candidate to schools. To find the average SAT Subject Test score for a college, search for "[School Name] SAT Subject Test scores" or "[School Name] average SAT Subject Test scores" on Google. Look for links to the school's official website and click the one that's most relevant. A good score will be one that's equal to or higher than the school's average. Unfortunately, not all schools list average SAT Subject Scores. If you're having trouble finding your school's average or recommended SAT Subject Test scores, try comparing your scores with official Subject Test averages and percentiles. This will tell you how many test takers you scored higher than on a Subject Test. Step 2: Decide Whether to Submit Your Scores to Schools Now that you have an idea of how well you did on your Subject Tests, it's time to decide whether you want to submit your scores to schools. (Note that if you elected to use the College Board's four free score reports when you registered for the tests, your scores will be automatically sent to the schools you chose before you can know what your scores actually are.) If a school requires Subject Test scores and you're only going to take the tests once, go ahead and submit your scores, even if they weren't as high as you hoped they'd be. You don't really have much of a choice here since not submitting them means your application will be disqualified! On the other hand, if Subject Test scores are completely optional, only submit your scores if they're higher than the averages at the school. If you got a low score, it's better to not submit it since all it'll do is bring down the quality of your application. (By contrast, if you submit no scores, this won't have any effect on your application.) If your school strongly recommends SAT Subject Test scores, it's best to send them in. That said, if you scored poorly on a test, you can choose to not send in that score and instead opt to retake the test at a later point (if you can do so before your college applications are due, that is). Check out our guide for a list of all SAT Subject Test dates. Step 3: Start Working On Your College Applications If you decided to submit your Subject Test scores to your schools, congrats! Now, it's time to start buckling down on your college applications. You'll want to present yourself in the best possible light, so make sure to write a great personal statement, submit strong letters of recommendation, and get involved in extracurricular activities you're interested in. If you decided to retake a Subject Test, you'll want to balance your time wisely by studying for the test and getting a jumpstart on your college applications. I suggest making a study schedule so you can pace yourself and space out the things you'll need to prepare for your college applications. What's Next? Have you chosen the dates you'll take your SAT Subject Tests on? Check out our article for the best dates to take the tests, and get tips on how to balance them with the general SAT or ACT. Are you also taking the SAT? Make sure you know all the steps to getting and sending your SAT scores, and figure out how high of an SAT score you should aim for. If you're taking the ACT, learn how to get and send your ACT scores and what ACT score you should aim for. Want to get a perfect SAT or ACT score? Read our guides to learn how you can score a perfect 1600 on the SAT or a full 36 on the ACT. Need a little extra help prepping for your Subject Tests? We have the industry's leading SAT Subject Test prep programs (for all non-language Subject Tests). Built by Harvard grads and SAT Subject Test full or 99th %ile scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Learn more about our Subject Test products below:

Employee Incentive Plan Evaluation at XYZ Industries Essay

Employee Incentive Plan Evaluation at XYZ Industries - Essay Example The Company will implement a new incentive plan, the details of which are given in the following sections. The plan will be reviewed after a period of twelve months. Objective: To become the leading provider of blood bags in North America. Types of incentives proposed: Incentive plans are broadly classified into three groups, namely those for individuals, groups, and the enterprise (Bohlander & Snell, 2010, 455). Individual incentives: a. Hourly pay of $5 per hour with a maximum of $10 a day (five working days). Every employee is eligible. b. Sales incentive – 25 cents per bag, for exceeding targets for sales and marketing staff. There is no limit on the amount that can be earned. c. Bonuses – Thirty percent of basic pay for all employees twice a year (employees are at liberty to choose the time, but needs to provide one month’s advance notice. d. ... cturing and packing (Note – the company has excess production capacity and aims to achieve a 30 percent increase in sales this year) Enterprise incentives: a. The Company is planning to go public and is planning to introduce 100,000 shares in February 2011. It is expected the value of each share will be approximately $7. Of these, thirty percent will be held by the owners, fifteen percent will be given as employee ownership, and the rest be made public. Employees are not allowed to sell the shares to the public for a minimum period of five years. It is hoped that full cooperation from all employees and departments will be there for the successful implementation of the incentive plan. Review of the bonus plan: A review of the effectiveness of the plan was made after a period of fifteen months in June, 2011. The gap of an additional three months (plan introduced in January 2010). This was to assess the impact of the stock ownership plan which was planned in February 2011, as men tioned in the incentive plan. The review was conducted by the human resources manager, Mr A. as he had a good rapport with all employees. This was the first time that a relatively comprehensive incentive plan was introduced. Previously, only the group bonus plan was in operation. Hence the employees were willing to cooperate until the period of review was over. Moreover they were happy that they could obtain additional compensation when compared to previous years. But the following drawbacks were noted after discussions, which need to be looked into by the management and implemented as far as possible. The company did achieve it target of thirty percent increase in sales. With regard to the sales and marketing personnel had the following complaints especially from the top performers who